The Relationship Between the Communist/Socialist Movements...

Communist/socialist movements played a vital role in the development of liberation movements. Throughout most of Asia and Africa the communist/socialist sphere of influence grew to amass approximately a third of the worlds population. Engulfing many nations on the cusp of their independence. The relationship between the communist/socialist movements and liberation movements was based on an acting factor that enabled the movement to succeed because of the communist/socialist influence over the factor. Communism is a socioeconomic movement that played major a role in several countries. Gestating from the theology of Karl Marks’ and Friedrich Engles’ work The Communist Manifesto published in 1848; laying the foundation for the application†¦show more content†¦A liberation movement is an uprising of an organization against an imperialist nation or power in order to gain independence. Wherein, efforts of decolonization and resistance mobilize and unify in order st rengthen their quest for independence. Principals such as solidarity traditionalism, the use of tradition to unify, are means that drive the need for independence and liberation. As exemplified with India as they used Hinduism in order to strengthen their unification. (Genova, 2/17) However, decolonization and liberation movements are not the same. The liberation movements are a means to the end result of decolonization and liberation. As exemplified in Angola, they experienced a delayed form of decolonization fought by many different liberation movements, the MPLA, the FNLA, and the UNITA all different organizations of people fighting for what they believe would rule after liberation is achieved (Genova, (3/24). Furthermore, liberation movements occurred all across the globe, from Cuba with Castro to the Democratic Republic of Congo with Patrice Lumumba. All fought for their independence by groups with leaders who had agendas. In many liberation movements the acting factor in the relationship to socialism/communism was the liberation leader. Some leaders were socialist or communist in nature and upon obtaining liberty they sought to put the theory to practice. As a result the communists offered support, a mutual anti-imperialist natureShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis : Ghandi1696 Words   |  7 Pageswas sometimes used to cover up brutal exploitation, many Europeans sought to improve the lives of the colonized people by building western education based schools, new hospitals, modern streets, etc. This image dates from the late 1800s. The relationship between the two images and their phenomena is that both images depict a time where European’s sought to be in complete control of the colonized people. In some ways, it seems as though the ideas from the â€Å"civilizing mission,† the second image, couldRead MoreMao Zedong1741 Words   |  7 Pages1949, Nationalism would reappear in Mao’s cultural policies, his relationship with Moscow and u nderdeveloped countries. Mao feared nothing and no one. Using Marxism-Leninism as a framework, Mao proposed the use of peasants to create his revolutionary elite. His innovative thinking was unpopular among many of Mao’s Communist comrades; they believed the proletariat to be the key group (Cheek, 11). Mao also championed women’s liberation from masculine authority of husbands as well as clan, temple, andRead MoreMarx s Theory Of Alienation Essay2104 Words   |  9 Pagesproduct and they have interactions between each other. 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They were the native communist group, the Yenan factionRead MoreA Functional Understanding Of Historical And Social Context1484 Words   |  6 Pagesorder to reveal the possibilities of communist thought within an American revolutionary context. The first and most recognizable step in a Marxist-Leninist philosophy, and the first step to examine the Black Panthers’ relationship with that philosophy, lies in the simple political grounding for the movement: recognizing that the existence of capitalism is harmful. According to Karl Marx, the theoretician behind countless communist revolutions, every struggle between different socioeconomic classes isRead MoreThe Cold War And Tits Morals3668 Words   |  15 Pagesevent that impacted the world dramatically and changed relations of power among nations that later sparked future conflicts between the two new superpowers that emerged, the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Both superpowers raced in a competition for global supremacy in an era known as the â€Å"Cold War† that lasted from 1945 to 1989. The Cold War was not a war fought directly between the US and the Soviet Union, but rather through Third World Countries such as China and Vietnam. Third World countries wereRead MoreCan Anarchy Work? Essay946 Words   |  4 Pageslead to hindering anarchism in the future as an alternative institutional system. When talking of intelligence, Murray later states that there is a Â…relationship between social behavior and IQ. This is true and present in the world today. The power-elite are ruling us, while the ignorant could do a better job, without abusing power. Yet, the uneducated choose weapons to speak for them, instead of a cookie-cutterRead MoreKarl Marx, A Communist Philosopher And Visionary1989 Words   |  8 Pagesaverage worker. The laborers of capitalism found themselves doomed to destitution without any meaningful options to achieve economic liberation. Enraged with the condition of their lives, Europe’s working class sought relief. The problems that burdened the industrial proletariat appeared to have spewed from a central source: capitalism. Karl Marx, a communist philosopher and visionary broadcast to Europe’s working class the only solution he deemed viable in resolving the economic imbalance withinRead MoreEssay on Cuban History and Government2133 Wor ds   |  9 Pagesequality to all Cubans. The economic presence, of the US, within Cuba was great at the time of Castro’s rise. This would prove to be a problem for Castro and the Cuban citizen. Need for economic help Castro, in 1959, was not a communist, and Cuba was not a communist state. The US, now lacking any authority in Cuba, used communism in order to fight Castro and his policies. The first Cuban-Russian connection was purely economic in nature. The Soviet government decided to purchase $31.3 millionRead MoreDuring The Early Twentieth Century, Life Changed Drastically1193 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom democratic ideals. In an attempt to regain pride, European citizens succumbed to nationalistic movements. Social and political division occurred in Germany as the Social Democrats enacted the Weimar Constitution, yet the German Workers Party rejected these principles as they saw the Weimar Republic as illegitimate. Italians faced similar social unrest with the battle of fascists v. communists, resulting in violent gang warfare. Blackshirts expressed the support of fascist ideals, whereas the

Heroes Essay - 957 Words

Heroes Essay The question remains: who is worthy to be called a hero? I have seen many people who deserve the title of a hero for many bold actions. Sure, they do not wear legendary costumes, drive bat-mobiles or possess superhuman abilities. Of course, there is much more to a hero than just what is visible to the eye. As a matter of fact, it is all about what is on the inside—the qualities and behavior fixed in a mentality. That is why self-obsessed people do not make it on the list of heroes since their mind tends to think only about one’s self. In today’s era, the people who are marked as heroes are acknowledged because they achieved something for the good of others. Looking back to an earlier time in my life, I cannot remember a time†¦show more content†¦In my eyes, foster parents are heroes. If taking children under their custody and providing them with care, shelter, love, security, and a sense of well-being is not heroism; then, I don’t kno w what is. They devote their time raising these children, even though they are not theirs biologically. Making matters worse, several children come from broken homes, complicating the parents’ duty even more. Yet the heroes prove themselves to be triumphant. Additionally, doctors and medical personnel are very important hero figures of today. With new medical provisions, doctors and technology team up to save lives and provide excellent care for disabled patients. Doctors sacrifice their time to help others in many ways. Without them, our nation’s death rates would be extremely high. Their loyalty, determination and courage are priceless motivations which keep them going. In the same way, we must not forget soldiers who risk their lives while sacrificing their own. In addition to that, they stay loyal to their country, never giving up—even when danger is an all time high. One thing is for sure, it does not take someone legendary to change the world. One of the p eople to change my world is my mother. She is the most outstanding, loving, gentle and caring woman. Even though times were tough, she never gave into despair. My mom’s happiness was torn from her hands by another woman who came in between her and her husband. My dad left shortly after I was born, leavingShow MoreRelatedRomantic Heroes Essay808 Words   |  4 PagesLongfellow gives is so precise, that it can cause a reader to question Hawthornes, another Romantics character, Young Goodman Brown, as an actual romantic hero. In both Excelsior and A Psalm of Life, Longfellow creates the two different Romantic heroes with specific inner lights. Although the two different characters have separate goals, both their jobs reject materialism and general policies. In Excelsior, for instance, the youth, who bore mid snow and ice, a banner with a strange device,Read MoreCultural Heroes Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pagesreality. 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A hero is one who stood above all to achieve the greater good for all of mankind, and developedRead More Odysseus: Heroes Essay774 Words   |  4 Pages Odysseus: Heroes nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A hero is a brave and strong person, who is also very human. A hero feels fear and every other emotion that we do. A true hero is a person who does something great and does not expect to be given any thing in return. A hero does something that effects a large number of people. A hero thinks more of others than he or she thinks of him or her self. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The characters in the poem, quot;Womenquot;, and The Odyssey are bothRead MoreHeroes And Heroines Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Heroes and Heroines: A study of Gender Roles in Historical Folklore Historically, fairy tales and other folklore have followed relatively strict gender role profiles. The heroes or heroines of the story all tend to be handsome or beautiful, compassionate and kind, which always wins out. Meanwhile the villains and antagonists are almost directly opposite in physicality, are ugly or brooding in nature, which shows a clear contrast between themselves and the hero or heroine, and an ever-impendingRead MoreAre Athletes Heroes? Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesexceptional athletes heroes ? Heroics is used very broadly and can consist of many different aspects of ones= feats or achievements. While researching this topic, I have found that there are numerous ways to describe a hero. What makes a hero? I have determined in my opinion, that the word Ahero@ consists of ones accomplishments, actions or service that leads to the betterment of others. From my definition of the word, exceptional athletes do have the potential to be heroes. The word hero hasRead MoreEssay on Heroes in the Iliad1113 Words   |  5 Pagesthat for the Greeks to turn around and leave would be a great dishonor, and does everything in his power to keep them in the battle. 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They were asked to identify critical incidents showing behaviors of their bosses, peers, or ordinary employees who have acted in ways perceived as being heroic. The respondents represent a broad sample of companies

Social Research Intimate Partner Violence

Question: Describe about the Social Research for Intimate Partner Violence. Answer: Problem Statement The problem statement is Whether Community based intervention has been successful for Women who have been exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a public health problem. The intimate partner can be defined as a person with whom the women had a close personal relationship. The IPV can be divided into four groups (cdc.gov, 2016): Physical Violence: Where their use of physical force with intention to cause death, permanent injury leading to disability. Sexual Violence: Any form of sexual violence which might be either attempted or completed. Staking: A process in which the person repeatedly gives attention and contacts the women with the intention to cause to fear or concern for safety. Psychological Aggression: The use of communication processes (verbal or non-verbal) to emotionally or mentally harm the person. The present research is attempting to understand the level of depression, the scale of IPV and also the level of womens parenting. The factors where related with positive parenting and also to the level of depression. The study attempted to understand the changes in the values of the independent variables over time. The women were provided with Moms empowerment program (MEP). The MEP program is an intervention program wherein the women are provided with skills in parenting. In addition the women were provided with suitable places so that they could discuss their depressions and their parenting skills. The present research attempts to investigate the role of community based intervention in reducing the level of depression of IPV women. In addition it also investigates the role of the community based intervention in parenting for IPV women. Research Design In the present study the sequential assignment process was used. The study at the allocation level used 181 women. The first seven women were assigned to the M+C group. The second were assigned to the CO condition and last seven were assigned to the CG condition. The process was followed till all the women who had been selected for the study had not been assigned. All women had been selected previously based on the given criteria. All the women had had a past of IPV. Besides this the women were selected at random through the process of interview. Hence there was no pre-selection bias. Similarly during the process till time 2 there were no changes in the number of women in different groups. Hence, there was no maturation for internal validity. In addition the dependent variables were measure using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Anxiety and Parental Child rearing Styles Scale and Severity of Violence against Women Scales (SVAWS). In the measurement of the 2nd interview no changes in the sample size took place. During the measurement of the 3rd interview there was change in the sample size of all three groups. Since the study consisted of the efficacy of a community based intervention thus the changes in the independent variables resulted in a change in the dependent variables over time. The results of the interventions showed that there was a change in the value of the mean values of the dependent variables from time 1 to time 2 in the M+C and CO group. Hence, the study can be attributed to a causal inference. Sampling The data was collected from women who had been subject to IPV. The data was collected from women living in five urban locations of Michigan. The women were recruited by the use of newspaper advertisements and flyers. The advertisements were placed in social service agencies and also at shelters for women of IPV. The shelters provided the moms empowerment program (MEP). The program had the facility for a separate room within the existing mental health clinic, a setting for education purposes and also an outreach center. The study criteria stated that the women selected had a physical conflict with an intimate partner within the last one year. In addition the women should have a child between the age group of 6 to 12 years. The selected women were selected to be interviewed and thus join a support group. A total of 181 women were selected for the study. Thus we find that the sample consisted of only those women who had been subjected to IPV. The disadvantage of the sampling was that it selected women from only five locations of Michigan. Also the sample was limited to women who responded to the advertisement and or flyers. In addition, the study was limited to women who had subjected o violence within the last one year. The women came from different racial as well as educational background. The women also had different marital status. Hence, we find that the advantage of the sample was that it consisted of women from all the strata of the society. Measurement The study investigated the demographic profile, educational background, the social status of the women. The demographic profile studied was the age, race, and level of education, the income of the women and the present social status of the women. The dependent variables studied were the levels of IPV, depression and the parenting. The IPV was measured using the Severity of Violence against women scale. The scale had six items to measure the womens emotional experience, 30 items to measure the amount of physical harm for the women and six items for measuring the level of physical violence endured by the women. The depression level was measured using the Beck depression inventory (BDI). The Beck depression inventory consists of 21 questions relating to womens depression. These 21 questions relate to the amount of depression. The responses to the BDI were on likert scale. The sum of the scores of the different question was taken as the level of depression. The different levels of depression were minimal, mild, moderate and severe depression. The womens parenting skills was measured using the Anxiety and Parental Child rearing Styles Scale. The scale measures different characteristics of Parenting. The characteristics include the effectiveness of parenting, the level of warmth in parenting and the level of child centered level of parenting. The scale measure the level of belief of the parent in keeping the child out of danger, the level to which the women believe the importance of controlling the child and also the influence of the program on the child. Data Collection The data was collected through the process of Interview. The interviewing process is a type of Primary data collection technique (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister Zechmeister, 2012). The primary data collection technique consists of the observational technique. In the present study the non-participant form of observational technique is used. The interview method consisted of responses from oral-verbal communication. The advantage of the study is that the interviewer asks the interviewee direct questions. The advantage of personal interview is that we can either have predetermined questions or the interviewer can be flexible in asking the questions. The advantage of having a personal interview is that he can gain in-depth information about the person. Personal interviews to a great extent depend on the ability of the interviewer. He can gather a great deal of personal information. The interviewer has the flexibility of structuring the questionnaire. In addition to the above there is less amo unt of missing data. The disadvantage of the interview process is that it is a time consuming and expensive process. Sometimes the information provided may be biased in nature. In the present situation some women may not be more willing to divulge information. Thus, to bring out the required information the interviewer has to have a great deal of knowledge. The interviewer should have a complete knowledge of the background of the study to bring out the required information. In a social context people are not very forthcoming to divulge information. Women of IPV might not have responded to other forms of data collection like mail, email surveys. Thus the results might not have been the same as the present process. Cultural Consideration The women selected for the study were all victims of IPV. They had a mean age of 33 years. 57% of the women selected for the study were white with 35% being African American and 8% belonged to other groups. The average monthly income of the women was from $1,366. There was considerable variation in the income of the women. Most of the women had completed high school studies (84.6%). 23% of the women in the study were single, 30% were separated. 19% of the women were married, 9% were living with a partner. At the time of the study 4% of the women were living in a shelter. The average age of the children of the women was 8.49 years. The women in the study, especially those of the M+C group were kept in a shelter for the first 10 weeks of the study. The first ten weeks of the study showed that there were significant differences in the BDI and Parenting score of the M+C group. The scores of both the scales showed significant changes from the baseline scores. Hence it can be inferred that the intervention (keeping women of IPV at a shelter) would prove effective in reducing the depression of the women as well as have a positive effect in the parenting. Since the present study was done with women of all racial and ethnic background, hence, it can be said that the intervention as provided in the present study would be effective irrespective of the cultural backgrounds. Ethical Considerations The major issue in researching about IPV is related to minimize the harm to the women or non-malfeasance (Kalmendi, 2013). The ethical issue also involves the principle of beneficence. The study was done after taking consent from the women of IPV. The women were counselled with the help of trained therapists. The therapists were provided with adequate training and educational materials (world health organization, 2013). The interviewers were not provided with the information regarding the group to which the women belonged. Thus they were blind to the group assignments. In addition during the period after selection and till the first follow up the mother and child group were kept in shelters provided by MEP. The women of CO and CG group were provided the shelters after 10 weeks. In addition the mothers of CG groups were offered the opportunity of intervention at the end of 10 weeks. Thus, they were not interviewed a third time. Results and Implications The study found that though the frequency of physical violence on the women who were selected for the study varied considerably, they were subjected to emotional harm almost regularly. Also sexual violence with the women had a frequency of approximately 35 per year. Since the women were divided into three groups the IPV factors amongst the three groups of women did not vary much. The study found that the process of positive parenting had a great effect on both the groups of women (M+C and CO). The study that the positive parenting attitude for the two groups varied significantly with the control group (CG). In addition the study also found that there was not much significant differences between the positive parenting scores of M+C and CO. In addition there was significant reduction in positive parenting from Time 1 to Time 2. In the depression index also there was significant reduction in the BDI index from baseline to time 1 for both M+C and CO groups. The BDI scores for CO group showed a rise in the BDI score from time 1 to follow up. The BDI scores for M+C group showed a fall in the BDI score from time 1 to follow up. The study showed that the results of positive parenting were similar to previous literature reports. The study found that positive parenting should take into account both mother and child. This is because positive parenting has a positive effect on both Mother and Child and thus allays a host of negative features of IPV. In addition the study found that there was an improvement in the level of depression of both the groups (M+C and CO) from the intervention to Time 1. This can be attributed to the fact that the women were not allowed to leave the MEP center. References Graham-Bermann, S. A., Miller-Graff, L. (2015). Community-based intervention for women exposed to intimate partner violence: A randomized control trial. Journal of family psychology, 29(4), 537. Shaughnessy, J., Zechmeister, E., Zechmeister, J. (2012). Research methods in psychology (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Definitions|Intimate Partner Violence|Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC. (2016). Cdc.gov. Retrieved 28 November 2016, from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/definitions.html World Health Organization. (2013). Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women: WHO clinical and policy guidelines. World Health Organization. Kelmendi, K. (2013). Violence against Women: Methodological and ethical issues. Psychology, 4(7), 559.

Investigation into the Factors that affect the Viscosity of Magma Essay Example

Investigation into the Factors that affect the Viscosity of Magma Essay Magma is molten material beneath or within the earths crust, from which igneous rock is formed. Magma can only be in places that are hot enough to melt rocks. When magma is formed it rises to the surface through the earths crust. When magma reaches the earths surface it is known as lava. It can erupt on the earths surface, either on land or under the ocean, by a volcano or through a fissure. It solidifies into igneous rock that is also called lava. Before reaching the earths surface, the mixture of solid and liquid rock, and gases, is known as magma. Lava is composed chiefly of silica and the oxides of aluminium, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium.There are two types of magma granitic magma and basaltic magma. Both of these types of magma contain SiO2 (sulphur dioxide). Granitic magma is very thick and contains 70% Sulphur Dioxide it has a temperature of about 750((. Basaltic magma is runny and contains 45% Sulphur Dioxide it has a temperature of 1100((. The more SiO2 bo nds the stronger the magma is, also meaning it is thicker.My Experiment is on the viscosity of magma and how you would measure it. Factors that could affect the viscosity of magma are Temperature and composition. Composition because magma contains a certain amount of water and temperature because this will tell me how runny the magma is at different temperatures.The technical definition of Viscosity is; the property of resting alternation in position of its parts relative to each other, which simply means how runny a substance is. This is what I will be trying to find out and the substance is magma.Pre-TestsIn my experiment I unfortunately wont be able to use real magma as it is at such high temperatures, it would expensive and inconvenient to get hold of and is also toxic. So instead of Magma I will be using a substance called glycerol. I have looked into different substances and their advantages and disadvantages. I knew it had to be something that was still liquid in a freezer it also had to be a substance that can be diluted easily. I have looked into using syrup and decided it was a bad idea because it gets very messy and sticky when hot and is also tempting to eat. I also looked into using thick engine oil but this wasnt very good either as you can only dilute it in white spirit, which could become dangerous and expensive. I have decided on Glycerol because it is cheap dissolves in water, it isnt poisonous and has similar properties to magma.With the substance and the factors that could affect the viscosity of glycerol I had to find the easiest way to test them. Temperature I can vary by heating the glycerol and composition I can mix the glycerol with water I then had to find out what the affect of these factors was on the glycerol. I looked into a couple of ways to test the affect of temperature and composition. The first one I came up with was to dribble the glycerol along a set-up of gutters and time to see how long it takes to travel down the gutters and fill up a certain amount of the pot at the bottom. This is a diagram of how that experiment was set up:Through research I have discovered lots of problems with this method like by the time the glycerol has travelled along the gutter it will have cooled down, it is messy, it is hard to pour at a constant speed. The other method I came up with was to fill a measuring cylinder with glycerol then drop a marble in the top and time to see how long it takes to reach the bottom. There are also problems involved in this method like it is also messy, you have to make sure you use all of the same equipment, it is tricky to get the marble out, once it is at the bottom of the tube.MethodI have looked at my results from my pre tests and this method seems to be safe, easy and not too time consuming.Below is diagram of how I set up my equipment used to do my experiment. When I choose temperature as the variable I kept the volume of glycerol the same. I had to be very careful to make sure I use d the exact same measuring cylinder, marble and stop watch. These are all things that needed to be taken into account if I want to make my experiment fair. The volume of glycerol used was 25cm(. To make sure I used the same equipment each time I labelled my measuring cylinder put the marble in it and pushed tissue in the top of it.I had to heat the glycerol to get it to the desired temperatures I did this using a water bath. My starting temperature was 20(C and rising by 10 each time. My maximum temperature was 70(C. Once the glycerol was at the desired temperature, I put 25cm( of it into my measuring cylinder and dropped my marble in the top of it timing it to see how long it took to reach the bottom. I repeated the experiment three times to make it a fair test.The second experiment was on composition this was a lot harder to carry out. I used the exact same equipment that I used for temperature. In this experiment composition is the variable and I kept the temperature constant at room temp. I used 25cm( of diluted glycerol. I diluted the glycerol by using the ratio 24glycerol: 1water, 23glycerol: 2water.I used the same method for this experiment as I did for temperature, for each of the ratios I repeated the experiment three times for each mix of glycerol and water. This helped to make sure that my results were reliable and fair.PredictionIn my experiment I had to use glycerol instead of magma but there are things that can be related to each one like that the more viscous a substance is the thicker it is. There are two factors that affect the viscosity of glycerol, which means there are probably two factors that affect the viscosity of magma. The higher the temperature of the glycerol the less viscous it is. Granitic magma is hotter than basaltic so it is likely that it basaltic will be thicker. The same kind of theory can be used for composition the greater the amount of water present the less viscous it is. There is a lot of water present in magma and so t he same will happen the more water the less viscous.SafetyAlthough I have decided to use glycerol instead of magma there are still lab safety precautions that have to be followed.* Lab coats musty be worn at all times* Ties should be taken off* Long hair should be tied back* Safety goggles must worn at all times* We will be dealing with some high temperatures so caution must be taken when heating or carrying the glycerol* Bags should be kept out of the way* You shouldnt sit down at any time throughout the experimentTable to show results for temperatureTemp((C)Time (seconds)123average20113112112112304947477484032303231502523252360131113127013111112Table to show results of compositionRatio of glycerol two waterTime (seconds)123Average24:13132333223:22931303022:32829272820:51110111115:10333310:1511110:250.90.70.80.8AnalysisMy graphs seem to back up my theory that as the temperature was increased the time it took for the marble to travel to the bottom of the tube reduced. In the second graph, which shows the results from the composition experiment, from this I can see that my prediction that as the amount of water added to the glycerol increased the time taken for the marble to travel to the bottom of the tube reduced. This proves that two factors that effect magma are temperature and composition.There were two experiments carried out so I will analyse each of them individually in the following paragraphs.The first experiment I carried out was on the effects of temperature on the viscosity of magma. It is obvious that the temperature has an affect on the viscosity of the glycerol. The reason for the loss in thickness is because as the temperature increases the kinetic energy of the molecules in the glycerol increased so their bonds weakened and broke there for the glycerol became less viscous. This would also happen in magma, as there are strong Si-O bonds, which as the temperature increased so would their kinetic energy and so weakening their bonds these are the bonds, which made the magma so thick.The second experiment I carried out was to test the effect of composition on the viscosity of magma. My results show that as the concentration of water in the glycerol increased the time taken for the marble to pass through the glycerol to the bottom of the tube increased as well. The glycerol became runnier because the more water bonds there are present the weaker the bonds between glycerol molecules become. This is also what would happen in magma as the water bonds would weaken the Si-O bonds in the magma and so making it runnier.By looking at my results and background work I have realised that, Basaltic magma is hotter so will be runnier than granitic magma because the kinetic energy in basaltic magma is higher so it has weaker bonds. With the composition basaltic magma has alt more water in it than granitic and so the Si-O bonds are weaker. From this I can predict that basaltic magma is more viscous and is runnier.EvaluationThe results I rece ived backed up my prediction and I feel were very reliable. Although these results were good it would have been nearly impossible to get perfect results with the equipment we used. There are also two other main sources of error these are human error. When measuring out the ratios in the composition experiment I could of made some mistakes and not quite got the concentration correct. Another chance for human error would have been starting and stopping the stopwatch when the marble was dropped into the measuring cylinder and hit the bottom. It would have been impossible to get this exactly right unless we could use really high tech equipment, which could have been very expensive. The other type of possible error was to do with equipment.There was a lack of glycerol so for the composition experiment I had to use the glycerol from the temperature experiment this could have been a source of error. When heating the glycerol we had do it in a water bath which wasnt very accurate as once it was at the right temperature I had to carry it back over to my desk were I was working, by this time it was already starting to cool down. The last source of error I could easily recognise was that the marble and the measuring cylinder was a very tight fit and I think the marble sometimes got stuck on the edge of the tube. Other than these possible causes of error I feel the experiment went ahead very smoothly without any injuries or major problems.